Adipose Tissue

Category: General Science | Human Biology | Health

UPSC Notes

Adipose tissue is a specialised connective tissue composed primarily of fat-storing cells called adipocytes. It stores energy, provides insulation, cushions internal organs and acts as an endocrine tissue by releasing hormones and signalling molecules.

It plays a significant role in regulating metabolism, appetite, body temperature and inflammatory responses.

Key Pointers

  • Primary cell: Adipocyte.

  • Main functions: Energy storage, thermal insulation, organ protection and endocrine signalling.

  • White adipose tissue (WAT): Stores energy mainly as triglycerides.

  • Brown adipose tissue (BAT): Generates heat through non-shivering thermogenesis.

  • Beige adipocytes: Cells within white fat depots that can acquire certain heat-producing characteristics under specific conditions.

  • Hormones and signals: Leptin helps regulate appetite and energy balance; adiponectin participates in metabolic regulation.

  • Subcutaneous fat: Located beneath the skin.

  • Visceral fat: Located around internal abdominal organs; excess visceral fat is associated with greater metabolic risk.

  • Health relevance: Adipose tissue dysfunction is associated with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk.

UPSC relevance: Human physiology, endocrine function, non-communicable diseases and public health.