UNESCO Safeguards Pakistan’s Boreendo

A clay flute tradition from Pakistan’s Sindh region – with echoes stretching back to the Indus Valley and faint parallels in Gujarat – became the early focal point of the 20th session of UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Committee for Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage.

Boreendo at a Glance

• What it is: A spherical clay vessel-flute producing soft, breathy tones, used in folk music, pastoral songs, and winter gatherings in Sindh.
• Origin: Keti Mir Muhammad Lund, Sindh; roots trace back to Mohenjo-daro, linking it to the Indus Valley Civilization (3300–1300 BCE).
• Design & Craftsmanship:
  • Handmade from sun-dried, kiln-fired clay.
  • Egg-shaped body with 1 inlet and 3–5 holes; pitch changes by tilting the mouthpiece.
  • Decorated by women with natural motifs, reflecting local aesthetics.
• Acoustic Features:
  • Produces haunting, mellow notes.
  • Size-dependent tones: Large = deep resonance; small = sharper tones.
• Transmission: Skills passed orally in artisan families; only one maestro and one potter survive, making preservation urgent.
• Cultural Significance: Symbolizes Thari pastoral identity, community cohesion, and nature connection.

National Affairs

1. World Inequality Report 2026

Source: IE

Context:

The World Inequality Report 2026, released by the World Inequality Lab and edited by Lucas Chancel, Ricardo Gómez-Carrera, Rowaida Moshrif and Thomas Piketty, highlights worsening income, wealth, gender and climate inequality across the world.
The report draws on research by over 200 global scholars and follows earlier editions published in 2018 and 2022.

Income Inequality in India

• Top 10% earners capture 58% of national income
• Bottom 50% receive only 15% of national income
• India ranks among the most unequal countries globally in income distribution

Comparison with 2022 report

• Top 10% share (2021): 57%
• Bottom 50% share (2021): 13%
• Indicates persistent and worsening inequality

Wealth Inequality in India

• Top 10% own ~65% of total wealth
• Top 1% alone hold ~40% of national wealth
• Wealth inequality is sharper than income inequality

Average levels (PPP terms)

• Average annual income per capita: €6,200
• Average wealth per capita: €28,000

Gender Inequality in India

• Female labour force participation: only 15.7%
• No meaningful improvement over the past decade
• Reflects deep-rooted structural and social constraints

Global Inequality

Extreme Wealth Concentration

• Top 0.001% (fewer than 60,000 people) own 3 times more wealth than the bottom 50% of humanity
• Their wealth share rose from ~4% (1995) to over 6% today
• Top 1% control 37% of global wealth
• Top one-in-a-million hold 3% of global wealth, more than the entire bottom half

Global Distribution of Wealth

• Top 10% own 75% of global wealth
• Bottom 50% own just 2%

Shifting Global Income Positions (1980–2025)

• China: Significant upward mobility; large share now in middle 40%
• India: Relative decline
  • In 1980, more Indians were in the global middle 40%
  • Today, almost the entire population lies in the global bottom 50%
• Sub-Saharan Africa: Remains largely in the lower half

Gender Inequality (Global)

• Women earn 61% of men’s wages per hour (excluding unpaid work)
• Including unpaid labour, earnings fall to 32%
• Women receive only ~25% of global labour income
• Regional shares:
  • Middle East & North Africa: 16%
  • South & Southeast Asia: 20%
  • Sub-Saharan Africa: 28%
  • East Asia: 34%
  • Europe/North America/Oceania: ~40%

Climate Inequality

• Bottom 50% account for 3% of emissions linked to private capital ownership
• Top 10% account for 77%
• Top 1% alone generate 41%, nearly double the bottom 90%
• Highlights strong linkage between wealth concentration and climate damage

Policy Concerns Highlighted

Failure of Tax Systems

• Effective tax rates rise for most people but fall sharply for billionaires
• Ultra-rich often pay proportionally less tax than middle-income households
• Results in reduced public spending on:
  • Education
  • Healthcare
  • Climate action

Recommended Policy Responses

• Progressive taxation targeting ultra-rich
• Strong public investment in:
  • Education
  • Universal healthcare
  • Nutrition and childcare
• Redistributive measures:
  • Cash transfers
  • Pensions
  • Social security and targeted welfare